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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are medicated. It can improve symptoms, but it could cause adverse negative side effects. Talk to your doctor if you experience side effects. The most commonly prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare professionals for ADHD is stimulants. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that control the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a first-choice stimulant used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It works by increasing activity in parts of the brain that help control attention and behaviour. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other conditions, such as the disorder known as narcolepsy. It can help people with narcolepsy to stay awake and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a high abuse potential and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of abuse and side negative effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also increase the severity of behavior and tics in some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. People suffering from these conditions should tell their doctor prior to starting this medication. It is essential to inform your doctor if there are any other health issues or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, which is a yellow dye that is found in processed foods and some medications and Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain drugs, such as opioids, antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or tranylcypromine. Avoid alcohol or other stimulants when taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablet (Ritalin) as well as the oral disintegrating capsule with a long-acting mechanism and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) as well as the chewable tablets that have a long-acting action (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain the chemical phenylalanine. This could be dangerous when a genetic condition such as phenylketonuria exists. Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that works within the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a kind of depression that is common in the fall and winter months. It can also be used to aid people in quitting smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been proven to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The pooled fixed effect RR for week-6 improvements (using a clinically significant change of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equates to 52% of the bupropion group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion may cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions a number of different medications, including sedatives, antidepressants, and some blood pressure drugs. It can also increase the risk of seizure for those with a history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is not recommended for certain medical conditions, and women who are nursing or pregnant should not take it. Bupropion is available under the brand name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a class of drugs that work by affecting brain chemical. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. While they aren't considered a first-line treatment for depression anymore however, they could still be effective for some people. They block the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, which increases their availability within neurons. They are also helpful in relieving a number of other ailments, such as pain syndromes and enuresis such as fibromyalgia and Phantom leg syndrome. TCAs are effective for ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed on their own or in combination with stimulants. They can improve core symptoms, and can decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. They can also assist in managing tics. They are uncontrollable, repetitive movements or sounds, such as blinking or throat clearing. TCAs can cause adverse reactions, including dry mouth and sedation, and may increase the risk of heart problems. These drugs can negatively interact with other medications such as anticholinergics and should not be used by women who are pregnant. They are also known to be teratogenic in animals and may cross the placenta. If you are concerned, talk to your doctor, as there are newer antidepressants with a safer side-effects profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). SSRIs are a class of antidepressants that inhibit serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of serotonin for signaling. They also decrease anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are used as adhd medication since they can improve symptoms in some people and may be beneficial in conjunction with other medication. Examples of SSRIs include paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the body, yet they are extensively metabolized in the liver through CYP450 isoenzymes. This causes varying blood concentrations. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia-nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline may help reduce PTSD symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs may cause an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. It is essential to discuss this with your doctor if are thinking of taking one of these drugs. Many people have to try several different kinds of ADHD medication before finding the one that is suitable for them. Medications are constantly being developed and tested. It is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all medications you use. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant medications don't work for adults suffering from ADHD, doctors often prescribe an antidepressant known as a selective norepinephrine receptor inhibitor (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood and reduce anxiety and depression. The SNRIs are similar in their negative effects to TCAs but are safer. They are used to treat a variety of ailments, such as anxiety disorders and long-term pain, such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. They can also be utilized as an additional treatment for depression. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications act by inhibiting the absorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine, which is a natural process in the brain following neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal release of phasic. The increased levels of norepinephrine can improve attention and mood. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD However, certain doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are usually taken orally in the form of pills, but they can be taken in the form of patches or liquids. The FDA approved an oral SNRI, called viloxazine or Qelbree for treating ADHD among adolescents and children in April 2021. IamPsychiatry is not the potential to be abused and therefore is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. They are prescribed to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but they can also help manage ADHD symptoms. SNRI drugs such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD tests. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with other medications. It is crucial to consult with a physician prior taking these medications. Additionally, improperly discarded medications could cause harm to animals and people, so it is important to follow the proper disposal guidelines. SSRIs or SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Consult your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs may increase the body's level of serotonin and norepinephrine however they aren't suitable for all. Women who are nursing or pregnant should not take SNRIs as they may be passed through breast milk. People who suffer from liver or blood pressure problems should not take these medications, either, since they could increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people who suffer from ADHD take medication to improve their focus and concentration. They may also experience reduced impulsive behaviors. The medication is usually combined with behavioral therapy and skills training to help people understand how to control their symptoms. Finding the right medication for each person takes time. During this time, doctors will monitor the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between side effects and benefits. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate boost the activity of a specific brain chemicals that control memory and concentration. While they are generally safe and effective for most people, they can cause serious side effects, such as reduced appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects usually disappear after some weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medicines are also available for children as well as adults. They can take longer to work, but they can improve concentration and impulse control. These include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine), as well as guanfacine. Antidepressants can also treat ADHD. They can boost the neurotransmitter norepinephrine level in the brain, and aid in impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is an example of an antidepressant that has been used for ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved its use as an treatment.